But the interference of state in the arena of attainment of social justice inflames heated controversy. Particularly the protagonists of liberalism are not prepared to give their approval in favour of state interference. They argue that it will definitely encroach upon the freedom of individuals. Some people are habituated to think of justice and equality within the same bracket.
In other words, they feel that without equality there cannot exist justice. But the idea of equality is again a complex notion and. It has been asserted by many that through the implementation of a policy to punish the vice and reward the virtue a just society can be established.
Here again the problem is who will determine what is vice and what is virtue? There are no universal criteria to determine vice and virtue.
It has been apprehended that tor the realisation of this it is essential that the state should convert itself into a police state. This is not appreciated by many. So what remains is that though justice is a highly desirable concept, it is still the will-o-the wisp. Finally, we hold the view that not-with standing the fact that justice is a highly appreciated and covetable concept, and attempts are constantly being made to achieve justice, no society whatever may its stage of civilisation and development be, can claim that it has succeeded in establishing justice.
It is not an easy task to present a brief exposition of the features of justice and in spite of this problem; we make an humble attempt to point out nature of justice. Since the days of Aristotle it has been held that the most rudimentary feature of justice is equals will be treated equally and un-equals will be unequally treated.
Between these two groups there shall exist proportion. Equals and un-equals should be grouped separately. It has been asserted that the un-equals and equals should not be grouped in the same bracket. If we do so we shall do in justice to both equals and un-equals. Less qualified and less, eligible persons cannot claim same benefits with eligible and qualified persons. If this system prevails in any society justice can never be its feature.
It is generally irrational to give due share to a person who is not eligible. The theory of rationality and theory of justice are closely linked with each other. In practice the rationality and justice cannot be exclusively differentiated. Though justice, according to Ernest Barker, is a social reality, its link with political science and to some extent philosophy cannot be denied. Political scientists are however mainly concerned with justice because of the reason that realisation of justice is possible through the machinery of state and this happens to be of the subject of political scientists.
We have pointed out in this section that differences are to be considered duly and actively while persons are brought under consideration for awarding privileges and opportunities. But the problem is on what counts differences are to be considered? There are differences among men regarding race, sex, religion. But the differences on these counts are not to be thought and they are not relevant for granting civil and political rights.
Some theorists have attempted to find out the relation between justice and equality. It has been claimed that for the sake of justice authority must make serious efforts to establish equality and when it will be possible justice comes to be a reality. But Norman Barry argues that the relationship between justice and equality is a hotly disputed matter.
The relationship between justices has been elaborately analysed by many and among them the prominent figure is Rawls. His main thesis of justice is primarily concerned with how equality and inequality can be elements of justice. Though there is a controversy between justice and equality it is undeniable that the relationship exists.
Equality and preferential treatment are not consistent. That is if some persons receive better treatment because of superiority in wealth and income or any other ground that violates the basic norm of equality.
However, it is also against the basic norm of justice. So far as the distribution of opportunities and at the same time attainment of justice are concerned two criteria desert and need appear. Norman Barry defines desert in this way. The actions of a man are not only different from the action of other men they require special treatment.
That is actions are to be rewarded. If this is not done injustice will be done to the persons concerned. Thus desert will be a criterion of special treatment but this cannot violate the principle of equality.
Just click on the link below and the book will save on your computer. For Grade 11 students NCERT textbooks are best for understanding various topics which the students have to study or even for preparing for their exams. Our teachers of Political Science recommend standard 11 students to read these textbooks while preparing for their exams or even for higher level competitive examinations. Many times it has been seen that questions asked in exams directly come from the books itself.
Some Political Science questions are being slightly modified to test analytical skills of kids. You should carefully read each chapter to understand all topics properly. We are seeing regularly that these books are used for CBSE Political Science exams and are also useful for competitive exams as well. We have provided option here to download the books in PDF format incase you are not able to buy the books from a nearby bookstore.
You have come to the correct portal. Here you will find latest books for Class 11 which you can download free. Skip to content. Some important points to note below: Standard 11 Political Science NCERT Books are based on the CBSE syllabus issued for current academic session and have been developed for all types of students Design of these textbooks is by keeping into consideration requirements of Class 11 students. In all books the concepts have been explained in detail so that the students can understand all topics properly.
These books will help them to get good marks in examinations. Students will be able to understand all concepts in Class 11 Political Science subject properly. Which book is best for Class 11 Political Science students? How would they form conclusions from a simple political incident? Well, this article tries to analyse these questions and focus on the basic structure of political science. Two approaches used are Traditional approach , that gives a better understanding of the political system on the basis of ideas and beliefs; the Empirical approach , that focuses on the scientific basis of the political system.
The concepts like equality; liberty; justice etc. Such as when nations form Diplomatic or Trade relations. Such as : When America passed a bill, which put a ban on Abortion, policy analyst tried to analyse how people were affected through this bill and what were the consequences of this bill. The change in political trends, the growth of social and economic trends, important political developments such as the general elections of a nation; appointment of important leaders; new trade relations between two or multiple nations.
Politics is about who gets power; by what means do they get power and how do they use that power! Now, what defines, who is a democratic government or who is an authoritarian government?
Here the citizens get to choose their leaders, through fair elections. Rights such as Freedom of speech and expression , where citizens can openly express their ideas and can even criticize the government, they can hold up demonstrations and protests for their demands to be heard; Equality wherein everyone is treated in the same manner irrespective of their religion, race, gender, colour etc. NEPAL was a monarchy until , after which it transitioned to democracy. Such forms of government are described as Authoritarian governments or a Dictatorship.
The constitution, in reality, is just a book about rights and rules but in morality, it has greater implications. It is often regarded as the soul of a democracy. A constitution is written in a framework that it accommodates the interests of all groups, including the protection of minority communities and gives the citizens rights to protect them from the exploitation of the government.
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